22nd July,2012
Venue- DHANBAD, JHARKHAND
As
all the OPPSEN members
were assigned to do a project about survey of environmental degradation and
the social issues prevalent in our area.
My project is
basically based on my hometown- “Dhanbad”,
a small industrial town situated in the state of Jharkhand. Recently Dhanbad is in highlights after the release of the movie “Gangs of Wasseypur”….the movie
that reveals only a part of the political scenario that governs this mining
world!!
This report
is highlighting the potential of Dhanbad-Jharia
coal mines….its influence in industries and the environment, the health of the
people…the coal politics of the raging coal mafias…..and attempt for betterment
of the present scenario with scientific aids by ISM(Indian
School Of Mines, Dhanbad).
For people
who are yet unknown of its existence- here is a brief info. –
Dhanbad-A
City Of “BLACK DIAMOND” :
Dhanbad coal fields are situated in the state of Jharkhand in the East
of India, neighbouring West Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa.
The Dhanbad-Jharia area forms
part of a mineral rich corridor, most of India’s reserves in coal, copper, iron
ore and uranium are located in the Durgapur-Dhanbad-Bokaro-Jamshedpur triangle.
Industrial coal mining started in the second half of the 19th century,
subsequently both steel manufacturing and power generation came up in the
region.
also famous as “the coal capital
of India”.
·
The mining and industrial clusters are surrounded by agriculturally
backward and jungle-dominated areas.
·
The ‘local’ population in these
areas belong to the poorest rural sections in India. They have become important
bases for the Maoist armed struggle.
According to the recent reports,
Ø Dhanbad is the 96th fastest growing city in the world.
Ø According to the 2011 census,
ü Dhanbad is among the 53 cities of India with a population of more than one million and is the 42nd largest city!!
ü has an average
literacy rate of 75.71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male
literacy is 85.78% and female literacy is 64.70%(according
to the recent article I read).
ü 10.57%
of the population is under 5 years of age( proud of its statistics….and
expect it to grow more!!)
Dhanbad-The
Upcoming Important Industrial hub!!
Tata
Steel,BCCL , ECL and IISCO (Indian Iron And Steel Company) are some of the companies owning coal mines in
this district.
Coal mining, coal washing, and coke making are the main coal-related industries in the
city.
IISCO is now owned by SAIL, while BCCL and Eastern
Coalfields Limited are subsidiaries of Coal India Limited (CIL); these two companies are the largest operators
of coal mines in Dhanbad, and have open cast mines as well as underground mines
There was and still is a particular importance of the product coal
itself, as an energy resource needed for industrial development – currently the
regime in India sources around 60 per cent of it’s total energy from coal and
has become the third largest coal producer globally.
·
In the mining areas
re-composition of the working class through migration, ‘uneven development’ and technological attacks is a constant
process.
·
The proletariat in Dhanbad has
many faces: the pauperised Adivasi
(‘indigenous’) and ‘rural poor’ population at the fringes of the mining
areas – main base for the Maoist armed insurrection;
·
the village workers in the ‘illegal mines’; the casualised
workers in the main mines earning ten per cent of their permanent work-mates;
·
the unemployed sons and daughters of local peasants and permanent
workers, organised in an ‘unemployed movement’.
“THE MAFIA-RAJ”
In India the name Dhanbad is
synonymous with coal mafia.
‘mafia’, a particular network which ‘organised’ the reproduction of
the working-class through money-lending and labour contracting;
Ø which
reproduced itself materially as transport contractors, by illegal mining and
later on real estate deals;
Ø which
provided the Coal India management
with both gangs of strike-breaking thugs and large integrative trade union
organisations;
Ø developed strong links with the political
class. The ‘mafia-mode of production’
was not an irregularity, but a kind of complementary department, outsourced by
the nationalised industry.
Ø The mafia is an economical and political
network, which reaches from money-lending,
illegal liquor shops, illegal mining and transport contracts, which are
connected to the high ranking officials of the government.
Ø The ‘individual components’ of the mafia,
e.g. money-lending, gangs of musclemen or
individual corruption within companies, existed before the 1960s and 1970s
and they still exist – “so why and under which conditions did these ‘individual
components’ form into a cohesive structure, into ‘clans’ which would auction
police stations between themselves and who had hundreds killed ‘on demand?? “
The one who suffers are the common people and the mine workers….crushed
under their brutality. Life is not a gift of God, but them (the mafias). Block
their way of working….and you might not be there to see tomorrow’s morning- sounds
like a movie dialogue…but I guess those are written after being inspired from
places like this!! A slight idea already fed into people’s mind, thanks to Kashyap’s movie!
The Current Scenario:
The
unemployed
Even counted as an industrial city- with lot of potential jobs…the
primary problem of people is still the same as any other sub-urb areas of the
country-Unemployment!!
the ‘Unemployed Youth
Organisation’ –an organisation formed by the unemployed workers…tends to
fight the livelihood struggle, and make their meagre living- a somewhat
voluntary brave step by the localites….although the Govt. as expected never
came to aid.
The
displaced villagers
Many villages are directly affected by mining: displacement, pollution,
burnt-up agriculture land, polluted water; or/and they claim their share in the
mining in form of permanent jobs or ‘infrastructural
investment’.
On 8th of March 2012 villagers in Paharigora (nearby place) blockaded
rail-tracks, mainly used by the coal mines, in order to demand better water
supply. Their water had been dried up mainly by the coal washeries and other
mining operations.
On 27th of April 2012 police killed two protestors in Dhanbad by gun-shot and injured more
than a dozen.
People had been protesting the anti-encroachment drive at a Bharat Coking Coal Limited
(BCCL) colony located in Kusunda
and Matkuria, about 8 kms from
Dhanbad. People set fire to about 16 vehicles, out of which 11 belonged to the
BCCL authorities.
State police headquarters said
people of the area started pelting stones at the administration team, which
went for the eviction of local people allegedly occupying BCCL quarters.
The
guerrilla warfare in the mining fringe areas
Ø The Maoist armed insurrection sees the mining
area first of all as an ‘economic
power-base’ of the enemy, less as a territory of class struggle.
Ø They blow up rail-tracks in the impoverished
fringes, hoping to put pressure on the government and mining capital.
Ø On 8th of February 2011 Maoists blew up
train tracks in three places in the Dhanbad railway division disrupting traffic
for hours. The traffic on the important Coal India Chord (CIC) remained disrupted from 2am to 10.30am till
the tracks were restored.
Ø On 5th of March Maoist guerrillas attacked
police posts in nearby Balumath,
killing two. They subsequently blew up rail-tracks.
Ø On 3rd of May 2011 eleven policemen were killed
and at least 20 injured when Maoists ambushed a police team in that district.
Ø On 5th of June the Times of India reported:
“Hundreds of landless villagers have taken control of 210 bighas vested land in
Khanpur village of Murarai on the
Jharkhand border. Men armed with axes, scythes and sticks stood guard as their
comrades plowed the land with tractors and sowed paddy seeds”…
“The Land And Her Children In Tears”
Ø Needless to say, that a region where such
extensive coal mining occurs, how the condition of environment would be!
Ø The land which was once the store-house of the “black-diamond” is now practically is
devoid of its treasure!!
Ø With
about 110 official coal mines and
probably the same amount of unofficial
mines. They are India’s main centre for coking coal, a particular sort of
coal important for steel production.
Ø Scattered
in the region are the vast open-cast mines, interspersed with villages and
miners colonies. Trucks loaded with coal and heavy machinery dominate the
scenery, interrupted by push-carts and bicycles – loaded with coal.
Ø The Dhanbad-Jharia region is said to be
one of the most polluted areas of the world. Mining in itself is a rather
forceful intervention in the environment, but capitalist social relations have
resulted in forms of mining, which aggravate the attack on nature and, as part
of it, on the human bodies.
Ø The
productivity drive towards open-cast mining has increased the dust production, the whole area is
covered with fine coal dust, causing
epidemic
respiratory suffering.
Ø In order to cut costs, many mines – and not
only the unofficial mines – are not re-filled with sand, once the coal is
extracted. This results in gas
accumulation, underground explosions, underground fires and caving in of whole
areas.
Ø Since
years a large-scale underground fire burns under the surface of Jharia, under
the living area of about 600,000 people.
Here and there the earth cracks open, gas, smoke and flames emerge.
Ø Skeletons of trees, burnt from within. Jharia was declared eviction area in
the early 1980s, an official master-plan was set-up to re-located hundreds of
thousands of residents, but was either not put into place or displaced people
were not given compensation – which increased the resistance of people towards
being displaced, be it for mining or for ‘their own safety’ in order to escape
the underground flames.
ISM
– science lending a hand of hope!!
The budding
scientists pursuing their studies in this prestigious mining college are facing
a challenge for practical application of their knowledge.
Thanks to one
of my uncle’s friend, who is incharge of the research group working on a
technique to treat the water from the coal washeries and to make it fit enough
to be reused, I came to know about the efforts ISM is putting on for the
welfare of the people. He was prohibited to disclose the detail description of
the technique, since it hasn’t been publicised yet….but came to know that their
idea was inspired by the waste acid water treatment in china!
What’s our future???
The people
have yet not seen the practical implication or let’s say any existence of the
research- although they have come up with this idea…3 years back!!! (Jaw
dropping news) . The reason being that the project has yet not been sanctioned
by the Government!!
This awkward
behaviour of the Government compels us to question our choices as to whom we
appoint our leaders! Their reason of delaying is…”it may hamper the pace of
economic development”…
but what’s
the use of such a development if there is no healthy human left to enjoy its
bliss and no healthy environment to support life???
What future
are we heading to???
I guess its long time we sit back with folded hands and criticize the
Govt. but we need to support organisations like ISM…if we want a safe future
for our children to come...
But recent innovations have made its exploitation more profitable,easy and economic.No wonder you can find jackets,stylish jewellery,bags etc.With the increased pressure on bamboo and cane,this has emerged as a alternative for cottage industry.Recently in the North-Eastern region of India;the innovation of making handicraft from Water hyacinth won the "NAWARD award for rural innovation 2012".The North Eastern Council and NAWARD has given financial assistance to the crafts men to train artisans.Commercialization of the products from this weed on global scale is yet another step needed to taken......
.jpg)